Treatment of Nature by William Wordsworth and Samuel...

William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge had vastly different writing styles as well as opinions of the material they treated in their writing. One of the primary differences between the two is how each treats nature in his work. Wordsworth, in his self-proclaimed writing like the common man, often expresses a nostalgic appreciation for nature, as can be seen in â€Å"Tintern Abbey†. On the other hand, Coleridge’s character, the mariner from â€Å"The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,† scorns nature and only learns to respect it, not necessarily to love it. Coleridge treats the supernatural far more than Wordsworth, and it is debatable as to whether or not his frequent use of opium contributes to this tendency. Overall, it stands to reason†¦show more content†¦Nature, to him, was a raw form of pleasure in his younger days and he often enjoys reminiscing on a more innocent time in his life. Coleridge’s message about Nature is conveyed through his narrator, the mariner, in the â€Å"Rime of the Ancient Mariner.† Whether or not Coleridge shared his opinion is questionable, but the moral of the poem seems to imply, somewhat half-heartedly, that nature is only worthy of respect, not admiration. Coleridge’s tone throughout the poem implies distaste toward nature. For example, toward the beginning of the poem, the narrator says, â€Å"the ice was here, the ice was there, the ice was all around: it cracked and growled, and roared and howled, like noises in a swound!† (lines 59-63). Indeed, three of the four verbs attributed to the ice are very natural words: growled, roared, and howled. These words are read menacingly, as if even the inanimate ice posed a threat in its connection with nature. Sixty lines later, a very similar stanza describes the cruelly ironic water, and he says â€Å"water, water, every where†¦ nor any drop to drink† (lines 118-122). Clearly the mariner resents something in nature enough to shoot down the Albatross which gave his crew fair sailing. Bearing the curse of the bird, he can only prosper again when he appreciates the â€Å"happy living things†Show MoreRelatedThe Romantic Movement Of William Wordsworth And Samuel Taylor Coleridge Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagesspiritual elements of nature and used metaphors as an inspiration. Nature was a significant theme for the duration of this period since supernatural things began in our imagination. Many sonnets were created using freedom of thought however these writings soon shifted to an imagination method (natural surroundings) from a structured method (surroundings) (add cite) During this era poets express their feelings for the love of poetry by conveying nature in their writings. Nature is considered an authoritativeRead MoreThe Life Of Dorothy Wordsworth And John Keats946 Words   |  4 Pagessurfaced: William Blake, William Wordsworth, Percy Shelley, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Byron, and John Keats. Included in this list should be Dorothy Wordsworth and Mary Wollstonecraft. The eighteenth century produce material that shattered the fundamental’s of society. On Christmas day in 1771, Dorothy Wordsworth was born. When her mother passed away seven years later, young Dorothy was shuffled from one relative to another. Even though her brothers received an education and she didn’t, William willinglyRead More Millennialism and Apocalypse Thought in S. T. Coleridge and William Wordsworths Poetics2877 Words   |  12 Pagesmissing some works cited Tintern Abbey: Millennialism and Apocalypse Thought in S. T. Coleridge and William Wordsworths Poetics Storming of the Bastille 1789 [1] During and in the aftermath of the French Revolution, millennialist thought – independent of the myriad of economic and historical reasons for its precipitation – influenced many authors. Many people perceived the French Revolution as a foreshadowing of an Apocalypse that would usher in a new millenarian epoch, one levellingRead MoreThe Romantic Movement1322 Words   |  5 Pagesincorporated many of these principles in her own novel, Frankenstein. She was apprehensive about the healing powers of nature in the face of unnatural events, the use of one’s knowledge for good or evil intentions, the way the uneducated or poor were treated, and the rapid increase of technology into the modern day. Mary Shelley was born in London, England on August 30, 1797. Her parents were William Godwin, a philosopher, and Mary Wollestonecraft, a feminist. Her parents were well-known writers during theRead MoreRomanticism Essay1493 Words   |  6 Pagesthe 19th century from the period of the French revolution in 1789. Romantic artists’ glorified nature, idealized the past, and celebrated the divinity of creation. There is a fundamental emphasis on freedom of self expression, sincerity, spontaneity and originality. The movement rebelled against classicism, and artists turned to sources of inspiration for subject matter and artistic style. Their treatment of subject was emotional rather than reasonable, intuitive rather than analytical. Among otherRead MoreThe Romantic Era Of Samuel Taylor Coleridge And His Good Friend William Wordsworth2136 Words   |  9 PagesSamuel Taylor Coleridge was a philosopher and writer in the Romantic era. Coleridge and his good friend William Wordsworth h elped if not lead the transition of literature into the Romantic era. Coleridge was an eclectic, someone who borrows ideas from another individual and makes them their own; he actually even went as far as stealing some ideas from most of the philosophers’ works he read. Using the ideas and philosophies from others such as Kant and Schelling, as well as his own, Coleridge becameRead MoreThe Romantic Period and Robert Burns Essay984 Words   |  4 Pagessociety makes them bad. If the social world could be changed, all men might be happier. Many reforms were suggested: better treatment of people in prisons and almshouses; fewer death penalties for minor crimes; and an increase in charitable institutions. Romanticism was a powerful reaction against Neoclassicism in liberation of the imagination and rediscovery of nature. English romantic writers tended to turn their backs upon cities and centers of culture for their inspiration, and to seekRead MoreWilliam Wordsworth And The Industrial Revolution1926 Words   |  8 PagesWilliam Wordsworth and the Industrial Revolution During the Industrial Revolution there was a dramatic change in Britain, which instigated social and economic problems Throughout Britain. During the Industrial Revolution, romantic poets such as William Wordsworth, along with other romantic artists, inflicted a positive aspect on the Industrial Revolution due to creating images that revealed everything as being beautiful and expressed the simple life. William Wordsworth illustrates an abundance ofRead MoreThe Glorious Faculty: a Critical Analysis of Addison’s Theory of Imagination in ‘the Pleasures of Imagination’2701 Words   |  11 Pagesmy paper. (I) An auxilier light Came from my mind which on the setting sun Bestow’d new splendor †¦[1] - William Wordsworth (II) Ah ! from the soul itself must issue forth A light, a glory, a fair luminous cloud![2] - S. T. Coleridge The synthesizing ‘essemplastic power’[3] of imagination that bestows ‘splendor’ on beauty, enabling the Romantic poet to transcreate reality in terms of anRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1868 Words   |  8 Pagestries to attain food by entering a hut, â€Å"the children [shriek]†¦[as] some [villagers] attack [him]† (Shelley 74). Due to the Monster’s appearances, the whole village immediately believes he was evil, which provokes them to attack. This is unfair treatment because the Monster was not even looking for a fight. Hence, this mistreatment validates that there is a need for equality regardless of one’s appearances. Nevertheless the monster may look frightening, but he does not deserve such abuse due to his

Addiction Substance Abuse And Addiction - 1602 Words

Society as a whole is impacted greatly by substance abuse and addiction. Not only does it hurt the abuser directly, but it also becomes an enormous financial and social burden on society. Addiction wrecks families, and also highly correlates with poverty because the drug abuser ends up giving everything that they have to keep their addiction going. It also places extraordinarily high demands on the education, criminal justice, and social service systems. Children and babies both are dangerously impacted by the addiction of their parents and the same addiction is likely to even show up in their own lives later on. Drug babies are being born every day already addicted to the same substances their mothers have abused; they are the ones who truly suffer the greatest consequences of the effects of addiction. Teenagers are peer pressured by the alcohol and beer industries to drink; many alcoholics in our society are a result from binge drinking while in college and even in high school. Peo ple bound by these addictions who never get the help they truly need or lose their family and feel alone often commit suicide because they feel they are unimportant to society and that ending their own lives is their only means of escape. Often, it is hard for everyone around the abuser to understand why they became addicted in the first place. People often mistake drug abusers to have lack in moral principles, when in many situations that is not the case at all. Drug experimentation is one veryShow MoreRelatedAddiction And Substance Abuse And Addiction Essay2001 Words   |  9 PagesNational Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, addiction is defined as a chronic, complex disease which affects the functioning of the ones brain and body (â€Å"What is Addiction,† n.d.). There are more people struggling with abuse and addiction than people that have cancer, heart disease, or even cancer (â€Å"Addiction Prevalence,† n.d.). The abuse or addiction of alcohol, nicotine, or other drugs has affected the lives of over 40 million Americans, or more than one in seven people (â€Å"Addiction Prevalence,†Read MoreBehavioral Addictions And Substance Abuse Addictions994 Words   |  4 PagesStatistical Ma nual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) added gambling disorder to the category titled Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders. (The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2013) In the previous edition of the DSM, gambling, along with other behavioral addictions were in the Impulse Control Disorders category of the DSM-III and DSM-IV (Clark, 2014). Behavioral Addictions are said to be around for hundreds of years. For example, gambling was part of daily life in ancientRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is An Addiction1626 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Substance abuse is an addiction and it is the addition, which is referred to a chronic disease. It is this chronic disease that is a significant and growing issue, especially among family units where either one or two parents and/or parental guardians suffer from. Despite the various and complex reasons that cause the parents or parental guardians to abuse substances, it is their children who suffer thus, significantly affecting the parent/parental guardian and child bonding relationshipRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Addiction Counselor1393 Words   |  6 PagesSubstance Abuse and Addiction Counselor Substance abuse as well as addiction is a topic many people choose to ignore or tend to believe that it does not affect them. Addiction itself does not seek out certain types of people but can affect anyone, at any time, for any reason. Stress, per pressure, financial trouble, even genetics all play a role in substance abuse and addiction. Unlike others, I don’t see substance abusers as weak willed but instead in need of guidance and someone to talk to aboutRead MoreThe Problem Of Substance Abuse And Addiction752 Words   |  4 Pagesresearching other uses for this substance until he learned its addictive qualities. Even after he stopped promoting cocaine publically and considered this simply a chapter in his life, his usage did not stop entirely as he continued to use for various expressed reasons. Even in the background of this very subject substance abuse and addiction can be seen whether through research for the greater good that went bad or just addiction in its simple s tate. Addiction is something that has been an issueRead MoreIllegal Substance Abuse And Addiction1196 Words   |  5 PagesIllegal substance abuse and addiction can have far-reaching negative impacts that affect not only the people who abuse drugs but also their friends, family members, the community, and government resources. 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The person depends on drugs to keep functioning normally as the natural chemical balanceRead MoreSubstance Addictions and Abuse Counseling3641 Words   |  15 Pages Substance Abuse and Addictions Counseling Bristina Strzelecki Liberty University Abstract Substance abuse and addictions counseling is a newer counseling field. Although it is fairly new, there is so much research and so many guidelines to help someone make it through as a substance abuse and addictions counselor. It holds a great importance and people should be aware of the severity of substance abuse and addiction. This field has severalRead MoreThe Addiction Epidemic Of Substance Abuse Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Addiction Epidemic The use of substances for physical, mind and social advantage has been around since the beginning of documented history. Contemporary use of prescription medication for these advantages has led to a national epidemic of substance abuse. Health care providers need to recognize the disease process of addiction in order to effectively combat the growing epidemic of substance use disorders (SUD). Strategies to decrease the prevalence and incidence of SUD include defining addictionRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Drug Addiction814 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance abuse and drug addiction affects people from all walks of life. Drugs are available to those who want to consume them. Even though there vast amounts of literature and other informative and preventive data, people still choose to abuse drugs. Unfortunately, most of them become addicts and find it very difficult to escape their addiction for the reason that underlying issues may be causing them to seek and use drugs. There exists a number of special populations that are identified and may

Critical Evaluation Comparing and Contrasting Motivational Concepts

Question: Discuss about the Critical Evaluation Comparing and Contrasting Motivational Concepts. Answer: Introduction: The word motivation comes from the word motive, which comprises of basic needs, wants, drives and desires of an individual. Motivation promotes an individual toward his goal and makes him able to achieve it (Schunk, Meece and Pintrich 2012). The main aim of an organization is to stimulate the employees and make them able to give their best for well being of the organization. Therefore, every organization incorporates motivational program to ensure high quality work of the individuals (Chen et al. 2013). In order to motivate employees properly, it is essential to identify individuals drive in quantitative manner and understand the level at which higher motivation results in higher productivity of the employee (Chen et al. 2013). Studies have shown that highly motivated employees produce good quality work and contribute actively in the achievement of the organization (Chen et al. 2013). Motivation not only influences the quality of work given by the employees but also increases job sat isfaction among the employees, which in turn enhances employee engagement within the organization (Elias, Amith and Barney 2012). Incorporation of motivational program does not require any additional capital as the managers or the team leaders can play the role of a motivator by managing behavioral responses of the employees. This essay deals with the critical analysis about the positive impact of incorporation of motivational program in Woolworths limited, a renowned Australian company, which possesses extensive retail interest in both Australia and New Zealand. This essay discusses about the concepts of basic motivational theories, which enhances employee attachment with the organization. The essay also explains the practical applications of the motivational theories, which positively influence employee engagement within the organization, and increases the quality of work given by the employees. One of the most renowned motivational theories is Abraham Maslows need hierarchy theory. In this theory, Maslow presented needs of an individual that can motivate him, in the form of pyramids (Chapman 2012). The base of the pyramid comprises of the fundamental physiological needs of an individual whereas the top of the pyramid portrays self-actualization (Chapman 2012). The intermediate levels of pyramid comprise of social and financial safety needs, emotional needs and self-esteem (Chapman 2012). Maslows theory explains that if the basic physiological need of an individual is not reasonably met he is no longer motivated to express his desire about the higher level of needs. Additionally the need of an individual shapes his behavioral characteristics. Unsatisfied need motivates the individual whereas satisfied need no longer serves as a motivator (Jerome 2013). Although an individual does not possesses strong desire for the higher level of need until basic needs are met urge to fulfill higher level of need does not require the complete fulfillment of basic needs. From a more practical view point it can be said that satisfaction possesses decreasing percentages with the increase of potency such as 80% fulfillment of physiological need is enough to trigger the desire for safety needs (Jerome 2013). Unlike other motivational theories that explain the role of several external factors as motivator, Maslows Need Hierarchy theory solely focuses on human needs and their satisfaction. Maslows theory can be widely used in developing countries where individual considers money as a main motivator however; other motivational theories are solely applicable for developed country where money is a secondary motivator (Datta 2014). Woolworths, the largest retailer in Australia incorporates Maslows motivational theory in their corporal agenda to motivate their employees. Woolworths make individual need assessment to identify the desires of individual. Woolworths found that, employees whose fundamental needs are not met engage with the company solely based on compensation and safety they are getting from the job. Woolworths realizes that the managers should take humanely decisions so that the employees do not feel threatened to continue their engagement with the organization. Once the basic need of the employees are met and they experience effective relationship between employees and administrative staffs of the organization they desire to be self-esteemed which genuinely motivates them to recognized as a contributor in achievement of Woolworth. Thus, application of Need hierarchy theory ensures the engagement of employees within the company. Another renowned theory in motivational program is Fedrick Herzbergs two-factor theory. From Herzbergs theory a clearly depicts the role of motivating factors and job satisfaction in employee motivation (Pegler 2012). Two factor theory explains two basic need of an individual in his workplace Hygiene factor and motivational factors. Hygiene factors consist of salary, working environment, working condition, types of work and gained benefits (Pegler 2012). Herzberg claimed that these hygiene factors are not essential for job satisfaction but if these needs are not met job dissatisfaction occurs. Job dissatisfaction decreases the engagement of the employee with the organization (Mehboob, Sarwar and Bhutto 2012). Motivational Factors includes reward system, recognition, opportunity, achievement and responsibility toward the organization. An individual get motivated when his contribution towards the organization is noticed and it increases his responsibility toward the organization and fu rther motivate him to contribute. According to Herzberg, the combination of Hygiene factor and motivational factor can motivate an individual and make them able to perform well (Pegler 2012). Unlike Maslows theory, Herzbergs theory deals with the external factors that have direct influence on individual motivation. Two Factor theory is the most prescriptive motivational theory. The theory suggests the most effective motivating factors for an employee, as the information of this theory is practically collected after considering 203 employees, working in specific organizations (Pegler 2012). In Two-factor theory it is stated that hygiene factors do not serve as motivators whereas in other motivational theories every individual need is considered as a motivator. After considering Two-factor theory the managers of Woolworths found that absence of hygiene factor de-motivated the employees to a significant extent. After providing proper working condition, effective relationship with administrative staffs and work of interest to the employees it is found that job satisfaction among the employees increases and their engagement with the company also increase significantly. Woolworths also incorporate the reward system within the company and it is found that the quality of work of employees increases significantly and they get motivated and take responsibilities to contribute for the company. This motivation also ensures employee engagement within the organization. Hawthrone effect is a phenomenon, which stated that employees perform well while being observed. Henry A. Landsberger first coined the term Hawthrone Effect after observing a tendency of some employees to work more attentively under the supervision of higher authority (Latham 2012). According to human psychology, individual get more attentive when they are observed. This attentiveness make them more motivated towards their work. Studies also found that the relationship of the employee with his supervisor increases the Hawthrone effect and thus enhances good quality of work (Harter et al. 2013). Hawthrone effect also considers the impact of work environment on motivation. The team leaders and mangers of Woolworths found that employees get motivated when their work has been supervised. The company also noticed that employee-supervisor relationship have positive impact upon the productivity of the employee. In addition, Woolworths found that if the supervisor make the employee realize about his contribution towards his organization and observe his work periodically the employee remain alert, which enables him to give his best effort towards his job, make him satisfied and motivated. Managers also noticed that friendly supervision also ensure long term attachments of employee with the company. Expectancy theory deals with the behavior of people in a certain way, as they wish for an outcome as the effect of their behavior. In another way, people decide their action based on their desired result (Purvis, Zagenczyk and McCray 2015). In a workplace, it may be working long work hours because employees expect a pay rise. However, this theory also proposes how strong the person desires the outcome. For instance, workers might work harder if they had been given the assurance of a pay rise, thus the outcome is quite enviable, than if they have only assumed to get a pay rise. Moreover, expectancy theory talks about the mental practices about choice. In the framework of organizational behavior, Victor Vroom first proposed this theory as one of the motivation theory, saying expectancy theory highlights the necessity of relating awards directly to the performance of the deserving employees. In Woolworths Limited, the employees are valued and considered as the driver of their business ( Taylor 2014). The staffs are motivated, positive and energetic. The company provides ample numbers of opportunities to grow in the position with the rising responsibility as the brand develops and expand internationally. The organization believes in internal promotion and they offer a diverse series of challenging career options for the motivated employees in the leading retail company of Australia. The team members encounter new and exciting challenges each day. It does not matter whether the employee is part time one or a waiting for a long term career option within the retail industry, Woolworths offers a huge range of varied position for the eligible people. The Three Dimensional Theory of Attribution shows the relation between the interpretation of events and its influence on the behavior of people. Bernard Weiner proposed this theory in 1970s regarding the interpretation of the success and failure in the mind of employees. According to the theory, people always feel the continuous urge of explaining their failure and success, though the requirement of explanation is more common when the ultimate result is unexpected in situations (Yeheyis et al. 2016). Weiner says, everyone attribute their failures and successes to four different things Ability, Task Difficulty, Effort and Luck. The theory also expresses a three-stage process underlying any attribution the must perceived behaviour, the intentional or determined behavior, and the attributed behavior to external and internal causes. The attribution theory of Weiner states that the casual attribution of any individual affects the following behaviors in an organization (Bobev et al. 2015 ). One of the key assumptions of the theory is that employees will interpret their work environment to maintain a positive image of themselves in the company. Weiner has theorized three characteristics of attributions, which can affect motivation in a company, those are, Stability, Locus of control, and Controllability. Stability deals with the positive and stable attributions for successful achievements, such as completing a project successfully. This can lead to further expectation from the person and thus higher level of motivation for the future success, whereas in the negative situations, stability can lead to inferiority complex and less motivation in the future. Locus of Control states the internal motivation of a person after he judges his own performance. If the person feels he is not competent enough to perform, it will lead o lower motivation. The Controllability factor says that if an employee of a certain organization believes that his performance was not up to the mark , he might feel less motivated in the future projects (Kim et al. 2015). In Woolworths, the Three-dimensional theory of attribution has several implications concerned with the employee feedback. The organization gives feedback to their employees on a regular basis. If some of them have not performed well, the company motivates them on a positive note saying how they can improve. This prevents them from attributing their disappointment to a natural lack of skills. The authority of Woolworths also praises their employees for their effort, even if their outcome is not as great as it was expected. Encouraging employees might help them to attribute the disappointment to controllable issues. In 1940s Abraham Maslow stated the theory of needs, where he indentified the basic needs of human life. Later, David McClelland identified his theory of needs with three motivations in the organizational behavior, namely, a need for achievement, a need for power, and a need for affiliation. According to this theory, these three needs work as motivational driver regardless of the culture, gender, age and one of them will be the predominant factor in motivation (Harvey et al. 2014). In an organization, every employee has some characteristics that define his motivational need. If the need of achievement is the priority for a certain employee, he/she will have a strong urge to set the challenging goals and accomplish them. They might take calculated risks as well and like receiving feedback on a regular basis on their achievements from their superiors. These people mostly like to work alone. According to Nuttin (2014), if the need of affiliation is the primary need for an employee, he wi ll want to belong to the team and often will go along with the flow. He will not like taking high risks as well. If the need for power is important for someone, he will have the urge to control and try to influence others. He will like to enjoy the competition and like to win the arguments. These factors help the authority to determine the characteristics of the employees. In Woolworths, the authority separates their employees based on the motivators and assigns them the right job. For instance, if an employee always takes charge during a project, allots responsibilities to others, likes to be the controller of the ultimate deliverables, he must be driven by the power (L?z?roiu 2015). In Woolworths, these people are designated as the front men or the team leaders. The organization motivates its employees to work towards a common goal, and for that, motivating team leaders are as necessary as the employees who go with the flow of the group. In a retail organization both the employees are required and Woolworths knows how to assign them the perfects jobs. This is how Woolworths become the leading retaining organization in Australia. The ERG Theory o Alderfer simplifies the hierarchy needs of Maslow. It competes the three basic need of any employee to fulfill in the organization. They are existence, relatedness and growth and can be defined, such as, existence is the basic need of material goods; relatedness is the need of interpersonal relations, and the growth is the need for personal improvement. His theory does further things rather than simplifying the needs. It is concerned with the understanding of the factors contributing to human behavior. It depends on six most effectual motivations such as promotion, high wages, interesting work, god working condition and the appreciation of work (Daniel and Gabriela 2013). In Woolworths, employees are treated with all these factors to motivate them towards a common goal. The company treats its employees well as it considers them to be the most important factor in the business. Successful working conditions are characterized by factors like positive motivators and open communication at every level. The effective organization like Woolworths Ltd recognizes the motivating factors that are valuable for its employees. The management of Woolworths should consider indentifying the needs of every employee and implement the motivating aspects accordingly (Miner 2015). They may take benefit of motivational methods based on lucrative incentives, where the performance is determined by the gained objectives at the end of the work. The motivational methods affect all the employees in every hierarchy and truly inspire the employees effectively. Reference List Bobev, N., El-Showk, S., Maz?, D. and Paulos, M.F., 2015. Bootstrapping the Three Dimensional Supersymmetric Ising Model.Physical review letters,115(5), p.051601. Chapman, A., 2012. Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs motivational model. Chen, X., Ma, J., Jin, J. and Fosh, P., 2013. Information privacy, gender differences, and intrinsic motivation in the workplace.International Journal of Information Management,33(6), pp.917-926. Daniel, B. and Gabriela, B., 2013. Analysis of Employees Motivation in Health InstitutionsAbstract: The article presents a survey of employee motivation in a health institution based on ERG theory. The questionnaire was applied during 1.09. 2013-1.10. 2013 to all 68 employees of the institution. The existential needs include six elements: salary, salary increases, benefits, endowment, area accessibility and clarity of the tasks. The 8 elements that describe the relational needs are: communication between employees, colleagues devotion ....Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series,13(2), pp.375-378. Datta, Y., 2014. Maslows hierarchy of basic needs: An ecological view.Oxford Journal: An International Journal of Business Economics,8(1). Elias, S.M., Smith, W.L. and Barney, C.E., 2012. Age as a moderator of attitude towards technology in the workplace: work motivation and overall job satisfaction.Behaviour Information Technology,31(5), pp.453-467. Harter, J.K., Schmidt, F.L., Killham, E.A. and Asplund, J.W., 2013. The relationship between engagement at work and organizational outcomes.Gallup Poll Consulting University Press, Washington. Harvey, P., Madison, K., Martinko, M., Crook, T.R. and Crook, T.A., 2014. Attribution theory in the organizational sciences: The road traveled and the path ahead.The Academy of Management Perspectives,28(2), pp.128-146. Jerome, N., 2013. Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,2(3), pp.39-45. Kim, S., Kim, J.D., Shin, Y. and Kim, G.H., 2015. Cultural differences in motivation factors influencing the management of foreign laborers in the Korean construction industry.International Journal of Project Management,33(7), pp.1534-1547. Latham, G.P., 2012.Work motivation: History, theory, research, and practice. Sage. L?z?roiu, G., 2015. Employee Motivation and Job Performance.Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations, (14), pp.97-102. Mehboob, F., Sarwar, M.A. and Bhutto, N.A., 2012. Factors affecting job satisfaction among faculty member.Asian Journal of Business and Management Sciences,1(12), pp.1-9. Miner, J.B., 2015.Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Nuttin, J., 2014.Future time perspective and motivation: Theory and research method. Psychology Press. Pegler, C., 2012. Herzberg, hygiene and the motivation to reuse: Towards a three-factor theory to explain motivation to share and use OER.Journal of Interactive Media in Education,2012(1). Purvis, R.L., Zagenczyk, T.J. and McCray, G.E., 2015. What's in it for me? Using expectancy theory and climate to explain stakeholder participation, its direction and intensity.International Journal of Project Management,33(1), pp.3-14. Schunk, D.H., Meece, J.R. and Pintrich, P.R., 2012.Motivation in education: Theory, research, and applications. Pearson Higher Ed. Taylor, S., 2014.Anxiety sensitivity: Theory, research, and treatment of the fear of anxiety. Routledge. Yeheyis, M., Reza, B., Hewage, K., Ruwanpura, J.Y. and Sadiq, R., 2016. Evaluating motivation of construction workers: a comparison of fuzzy rule-based model with the traditional expectancy theory.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,22(7), pp.862-873.

The Poetry Of E. E. Cummings Essays (1472 words) -

The Poetry of E. E. Cummings E. E. Cummings, who was born in 1894 and died in 1962, wrote many poems with unconventional punctuation and capitalization, and unusual line, word, and even letter placements - namely, ideograms. Cummings' most difficult form of prose is probably the ideogram; it is extremely terse and it combines both visual and auditory elements. There may be sounds or characters on the page that cannot be verbalized or cannot convey the same message if pronounced and not read. Four of Cummings' poems - l(a, mortals), !blac, and swi( - illustrate the ideogram form quite well. Cummings utilizes unique syntax in these poems in order to convey messages visually as well as verbally. Although one may think of l(a as a poem of sadness and loneliness, Cummings probably did not intend that. This poem is about individuality - oneness (Kid 200-1). The theme of oneness can be derived from the numerous instances and forms of the number '1' throughout the poem. First, 'l(a' contains both the number 1 and the singular indefinite article, 'a'; the second line contains the French singular definite article, 'le'; 'll' on the fifth line represents two ones; 'one' on the 7th line spells the number out; the 8th line, 'l', isolates the number; and 'iness', the last line, can mean "the state of being I" - that is, individuality - or "oneness", deriving the "one" from the lowercase roman numeral 'i' (200). Cummings could have simplified this poem drastically ("a leaf falls:/loneliness"), and still conveyed the same verbal message, but he has altered the normal syntax in order that each line should show a 'one' and highlight the theme of oneness. In fact, the whole poem is shaped like a '1' (200). The shape of the poem can also be seen as the path of a falling leaf; the poem drifts down, flipping and altering pairs of letters like a falling leaf gliding, back and forth, down to the ground. The beginning 'l(a' changes to 'le', and 'af' flips to 'fa'. 'll' indicates a quick drop of the leaf, which has slowed by a longer line, 'one'. Finally, the leaf falls into the pile of fallen leaves on the ground, represented by 'iness'. Cummings has written this poem so perfectly that every part of it conveys the message of oneness and individuality (200). In mortals), Cummings vitalizes a trapeze act on paper. Oddly enough, this poem, too, stresses the idea of individualism, or 'eachness', as it is stated on line four. Lines 2 and 4, 'climbi' and 'begi', both end leaving the letter 'i' exposed. This is a sign that Cummings is trying to emphasize the concept of self-importance (Tri 36). This poem is an amusing one, as it shows the effects of a trapeze act within the arrangement of the words. On line 10, the space in the word 'open ing' indicates the act beginning, and the empty, static moment before it has fully begun. 'of speeds of' and '&meet&', lines 8 and 12 respectively, show a sort of back-and-forth motion, much like that of the motion of a trapeze swinging. Lines 12 through 15 show the final jump off the trapeze, and 'a/n/d' on lines 17 through 19, represent the deserted trapeze, after the acrobats have dismounted. Finally, '(im' on the last line should bring the reader's eyes back to the top of the poem, where he finds 'mortals)'. Placing '(im' at the end of the poem shows that the performers attain a special type of immortality for risking their lives to create a show of beauty, they attain a special type of immortality (36-7). The circularity of the poem causes a feeling of wholeness or completeness, and may represent the Circle of Life, eternal motion (Fri 26). Cummings first tightly written ideogram was !blac, a very interesting poem. It starts with '!', which seems to be saying that something deserving that exclamation point occurred anterior to the poem, and the poem is trying objectively to describe certain feelings resulting from '!'. "black against white" is an example of such a description in the poem; the clashing colors create a feeling in sync with '!'. Also, why "(whi)" suggests amusement and wonder, another feeling